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2023 Vol.32 Issue.2,
Published 2023-04-25
127
ZIRCON U-Pb CHRONOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY AND PETROGENESIS OF ORE-BEARING GRANODIORITE IN TSAV SILVER POLYMETALLIC DEPOSIT, MONGOLIA
CHEN Cong, WU Tao-tao, ZHOU Yong-heng, BAO Qing-zhong, CHAI Lu, JIANG Ping
The research on magmatic rocks related to mineralization was weak in Tsav-Jiawula Ag polymetallic ore concentration area on the China-Mongolia border. Taking the ore-bearing granodiorite and its dioritic enclaves in Tsav Ag polymetallic deposit as object, the paper studies the petrology, zircon U-Pb chronology, geochemistry and in-situ Lu-Hf isotopes. The zircon
206
Pb/
238
U weighted average ages of 195.7±1.3 Ma and 196.5±2.4 Ma for granodiorite and diorite enclaves respectively are consistent within the error range, indicating that both were products of the Early Jurassic magmatism. The host granodiorite belongs to I-type granite of quasi aluminous-weakly peraluminous and high K calc alkaline-calc alkaline series. The diorite enclaves are of consanguineous magma mixing origin. The host granodiorite has broad
ε
Hf
(
t
) values (4.4-10.7) with the two-stage Hf model ages ranging from 550 to 960 Ma, reflecting the primary magma of host granodiorites originated from the partial melting of new crustal accretion from depleted mantle in Neoproterozoic with mantle-derived materials mixed. Combined with the regional tectonic evolution data, it is considered that the Tsav Ag polymetallic deposit was formed in the active continental margin setting caused by the subduction of Mongolia-Okhotsk oceanic plate.
2023 Vol. 32 (2): 127-139 [
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140
MINERAL RESOURCES AND MINING INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT IN MONGOLIA
CHAI Lu, ZHOU Yong-heng, WU Tao-tao, WANG Qing-shuang, SUN Wei
Mongolia is an important node country along the Belt and Road, with mining as the pillar industry of national economy. It is rich in mineral resources including copper, coal, gold, uranium, fluorite and rare earth, but the geological work and mining development is in low level, thus there is great market potential. Based on the study of regional geology, geological work degree and current situation of major mineral resources in Mongolia, the paper analyzes the mining investment environment in terms of politics, economy, legislations and infrastructure, sorts out the advantages and disadvantages and puts forward relevant investment suggestions.
2023 Vol. 32 (2): 140-145,167 [
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50
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146
OVERVIEW OF GEOLOGY, MINERAL RESOURCES AND MINING DEVELOPMENT IN ARMENIA
ZHANG Jin, ZHAO Jian-liang
Located in the southern Transcaucasia, Armenia is a key node on the Belt and Road, with rich metallic and non-metallic minerals, especially the copper and molybdenum deposits accounting for 5.1% of the world's total reserves. Armenia enjoys good relations with China and is an important destination for Chinese mining companies to develop overseas resources. Based on the "Belt and Road" mineral information collection and analysis of comprehensive research project data and other relevant data, the paper makes an overview on the geology, mineral resources and mining development status of Armenia, and summarizes the mineral distribution rule, which provides suggestions for Chinese investment in mineral exploration and mining development in Armenia.
2023 Vol. 32 (2): 146-154 [
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155
DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN SAUDI ARABIA AND PROSPECTS FOR ITS COOPERATION WITH CHINA
HE Xue-zhou, CHEN Xiu-fa, ZHANG Wei-bo, LI Yu-long, GAO Ai-hong, WANG QIU-shu, WANG Yang-gang
To get rid of the sole dependence on oil economy and break the resource bottleneck restricting industrial development, Saudi Arabia put forward"Vision 2030" in 2016 to enhance the contribution of mining to national economic development and made it gradually become the third pillar of the country's industrial transformation. Therefore, Saudi Geological Survey has made a series of strategic deployments for mineral resource exploration. Saudi Geological Survey, responsible for the mineral exploration and development in Saudi Arabia, has sent a few delegations to China for cooperative negotiation and has collaborated with several organizations including China National Nuclear Corporation(CNNC), China National Geological and Mining Corporation (CGM), and China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation(SINOPEC) over the years, which has promoted the cooperation in multiple projects such as the high-precision geochemical survey of steam sediments and heavy minerals in Saudi Arabic Shield, the construction of Saudi rock core library, the uranium-thorium resources investigation in Saudi Arabia, the Al Masane copper-zinc-gold mine, and the Thimphu smelter. In 2020, China Geological Survey won the bid of geochemical survey in Saudi Arabia and construction of core database, conforming again that China's geological survey techniques and methods are recognized internationally, which has laid a solid foundation for the substantive cooperation between geological survey organizations in both countries and enriched the cooperation connotation under the Belt and Road Initiative.
2023 Vol. 32 (2): 155-160,192 [
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161
LUT DESERT IN IRAN AND ITS RESOURCE UTILIZATION
LIU Hu-jun, LIU Shu-juan, Salman Zare, WAN Xiang, LIU Kai-lin, LI Jing-jing, WANG Fang-lin
The communication between China and Iran has a long history. The study of desert and its resource utilization in Iran can provide references for the protection and utilization of desert resources in China. The paper analyzes Lut Desert (Dasht-e-Lout) and its resource utilization through field investigation and reported data. Lut Desert, located in the southeast of Iran, stretching for about 10% of its territory, is one of the driest and hottest places in the world, with broad distribution of desert landscapes such as yardang, hamada and sand dune, as well as nabkha, large-scale erosive gullies, interconnected hydrological network, structural caves, and salt polygons. The local residents have exploited the spectacular landscape of Lut Desert to develop tourism, by digging karezs at the edge of desert and building flood intercepting and overflow dams to utilize the resources and ensure their survival and development.
2023 Vol. 32 (2): 161-167 [
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168
GEOLOGY, MINERAL RESOURCES AND MINING INDUSTRY IN CUBA
ZHANG Jin, ZHAO Jian-liang
The Republic of Cuba, located in the northeastern margin of Caribbean plate, is rich in mineral resources, including nickel, chromium, copper, iron and manganese, among which, nickel reserves account for about one third of the world's proved reserves, with rich oil-gas reserves as well. In 2017, Cuba ranked the world's tenth largest producer of nickel and fifth largest producer of cobalt. According to the existing regional metallogenic characteristics and mineral distribution, the southeastern provinces of Holguin, Granma and Santiago would be the most promising areas for nickel, cobalt and manganese exploration in the future. The foreland basin of northern Cuba and nearshore zones are the future breakthrough areas for oil-gas exploration and development. Having a good relation with China, Cuba is an important destination for Chinese mining companies to engage in overseas resource development. Based on the "Belt and Road" mineral information collection, comprehensive research project data and integrated analysis of relevant data, the paper summarizes the geology, mineral resources and distributions, as well as mining development status of Cuba, which provides references for Chinese investment in mineral exploration and mining development in Cuba.
2023 Vol. 32 (2): 168-173,184 [
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174
MINERAL RESOURCES AND MINING INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT IN ECUADOR
ZHENG Lu, LIU Jun-an, ZHU Yi-ping, YAO Chun-yan, LI Han-wu, JIANG Han-tao, WANG Tian-gang
Ecuador is rich in mineral resources, with gold, copper, silver, lead-zinc and oil-gas resources that have great development potential. The country can be divided into 6 three-order tectonic zones and 12 metallogenic belts of grade III, among which the Late Jurassic porphyry Au-Cu-Mo metallogenic belt and Oligocene-Miocene porphyry-epithermal Au-Cu metallogenic belt are the most important. Due to the low degree of geological exploration and poor development of metal minerals in Ecuador, the mining development is dominated by foreign investment. However, the copper-gold exploration has gained more and more attention in recent years. The government has lowered investment requirements by amending the mining law. In general, Ecuador has favorable conditions in resource endowment, tax policy and bilateral relations, but still disadvantages in politics and social security, which presents both opportunities and challenges for mining investment.
2023 Vol. 32 (2): 174-184 [
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185
KNOWLEDGE AND ENLIGHTENMENT OF THE EU LIST OF CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS (2020)
WU Da-tian, ZHAO Yuan-dong, JIANG Ping, ZHOU Yong-heng, SUN Wei, XU Feng-ming, WANG Zhuo
The European Union (EU) has updated the list of critical raw materials (CRM) for the fourth time based on the Raw Materials Initiative(RMI). The new list includes 30 raw materials, with 4 new items (lithium, bauxite, titanium and strontium) added and one (helium) reduced compared with the 2017 version. The release of the new list and related research documents is an important continuation of the EU supply diversification strategy of raw materials and also further support for the EU's
Green Deal
to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Starting from the three backgrounds, i.e. the EU's demand for mineral products, the external dependence on the CRM supply, and the security and stability of CRM supply chain, the paper summarizes the current assessment methods of CRM list and relevant mineral industry policies in EU by comparing the fourth update of CRM list with previous versions, and puts forward the enlightenment of strengthening the international mining market layout, enhancing the ability to guarantee the domestic resource demand, the value-added capacity of the whole industry chain, as well as the technology of metallurgy and recycling based on the coupling relationship of critical (strategic) minerals between the three economies of China, the United States and EU, and the actual situation of China.
2023 Vol. 32 (2): 185-192 [
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193
DISCOVERY OF THE MIDDLE TRIASSIC CYCAD
Nilssonia splendens
IN BENXI CITY, LIAONING PROVINCE
ZHOU Chen-xin, ZHOU Yue, ZHANG Yi, ZHENG Shao-lin, WANG rong, TAN Feng-ting
Nilssonia
Brongniart 1825 is one of representatives of Cycadophyta. It was widely distributed in China and the world through geological time. Recently, a pair of specimens of
Nilssonia splendens
Sun 1993 was discovered from the Middle Triassic Linjia Formation of Benxi, Liaoning in Northeast China. The species differentiates form other species of
Nilssonia
in their leaves with a slender rachis; veins generally without bifurcation, clear and thinner, slightly dense, closely to parallel, slightly upward curving to the apex, occurring at concentration of 28 per cm. Since
N. splendens
was first identified by Sun in 1993, the species has only been documented in the Upper Triassic in East Asia. The present specimens are the first record from the Middle Triassic. According to the present fossil specimens, and the transitional relationships of laminar segments and rachis from type specimens of Tianqiaoling in Jilin, China, the reconstruction of
N. splendens
was suggested. The origin and diffusion of
N. splendens
suggest that this species from the Middle Triassic Linjia Formation, not only enlarges the knowledge in taxonomy of
Nilssonia
, but also provides an opportunity to understand the evolution of
Nilssonia
in the mass extinction through the Permian-Triassic transition and its subsequent recovery in Northeast China.
2023 Vol. 32 (2): 193-200 [
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201
GEOLOGY, GENESIS AND PROSPECTING INDICATORS OF SUNJIAGOU LEAD DEPOSIT IN LIAONING PROVINCE
LIU Li-guang, LYU Yu, XIONG Zhi-qiang, CAO Yuan, QUAN Wen-jie
The Sunjiagou lead deposit is mainly hosted in the fine-medium-grained biotite granodiorites of Cengshan Unit, belonging to epithermal type, with the orebodies mainly controlled by F2 and F3 faults. The main metallic minerals of lead ore are galena and sphalerite, with minus of pyrite, chalcopyrite, etc. The ores are in idiomorphic granular, cataclastic-brecciated and vein-filled textures, with brecciated, disseminated and massive spotted structures dominated and a few massive and vein structures. The lead grade of No. 1 orebody ranges mainly from 0.314% to 1.309%, averagely 0.601%, while that of No. 2 orebody is 0.468%-1.460%, averagely 0.776%, which are delineated as low-grade lead ore according to industrial index.
2023 Vol. 32 (2): 201-210 [
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211
METALLOGENIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SHAOXIEGOU TUNGSTEN-COPPER-MOLYBDENUM DEPOSIT IN EJINA QI, INNER MONGOLIA
YUE Lin-hao, YANG Jian-jun, ZHANG Yu-feng
The Shaoxiegou tungsten-copper-molybdenum deposit in Ejina Qi is occurred in the contact zone between the Carboniferous-Permian granitoid body and Lower Carboniferous Lyutiaoshan Formation, and in the nearby rock mass as well. The mineralized alteration zonation is generally annular, with the outermost zone of carbonatization, epidotization and chloritization, the secondary outer zone of skarnization, hornfelsization and scheelite mineralization, the middle zone of silicification, greisenization and molybdenite mineralization, and the inner zone of silicification, malachitization and chalcopyrite mineralization. From outside to inside, metallogenic elements are enriched from high temperature to low, forming tungsten deposit → molybdenum deposit → copper deposit. The paper also discusses the genetic type and metallogenic age of the deposit combined with the orebody characteristics, geochemical characteristics of ore-bearing rock mass and zircon U-Pb dating data. It is considered that the deposit is genetically of porphyry type, with the metallogenic time of 305.1±1.9 Ma, which was formed in Late Carboniferous.
2023 Vol. 32 (2): 211-217 [
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218
APPLICATION OF NATURAL GAMMA-RAY SPECTROMETRY LOGGING IN THE LOWER SHAHAI FORMATION IN FUXIN BASIN:A Case Study of LFD-2 Well
ZHANG De-jun, ZHANG Xiao-chuan, ZHAO Hong-wei, CHEN Shu-wang, ZHANG Jian
The oil-gas survey and exploration in Fuxin Basin has a long history. Despite quite a few oil-gas discoveries and even low production obtained from some wells in the beginning, none of them have sustainable and stable production. In 2017, high-yield industrial oil flow was obtained from LFD-2 well in the Lower Shahai Formation of Fuxin Basin, with a daily production of 15.3 m
3
, achieving a major breakthrough in oil-gas survey and exploration. To further study the stratigraphic characteristics of Lower Shahai Formation in Fuxin Basin, the natural gamma-ray spectrometry logging data are used to analyze the shale content, clay mineral type and sedimentary environment of Lower Shahai Formation in LFD-2 well, which ascertains the shale content and its variation. It is concluded that the Lower Shahai Formation was formed in a sedimentary environment of interactions between oxidation and weak reduction, with weak hydrodynamic conditions (mainly low energy). The study provides a basis for further understanding of the reservoir characteristics of Lower Shahai Formation and contributes to the following oil-gas exploration and theoretical research in Fuxin Basin.
2023 Vol. 32 (2): 218-224,200 [
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FAVORABLE LITHOFACIES AND SWEET SPOT OPTIMIZATION OF THE Ek21 SHALE OIL IN CANGDONG SAG, BOHAI BAY BASIN
SONG Si-yu, CHEN Shi-yue, YAN Ji-hua, PU Xiu-gang
To optimize the favorable lithofacies of shale and predict the sweet spots of shale oil distribution in the first sub-member of the second member of Kongdian Formation (E
k
2
1
), the principal component analysis (PCA) is used to analyze three main geological components of shale oil, including resources (retained hydrocarbon), physical properties (porosity and permeability) and engineering properties (brittleness index and rock mechanics parameter). The results show that the lamellar felsic shale facies and lamellar mixed shale facies have high retained hydrocarbon content, with good porosity and permeability, and high brittleness index. Areas such as Wangguantun, south of Qilidian and southeast of Shenjiapu are all sweet spots of shale oil distribution with good oil-gas show.
2023 Vol. 32 (2): 225-232 [
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233
DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL SELENIUM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SOIL PROPERTIES IN WANJINSHAN OF BAOQING COUNTY, HEILONGJIANG PROVINCE
ZHAO Jian, KONG Fan-peng, LIU Hong-bo, HE Jin-bao, LYU Xiang-xi
The study collects 628 topsoil samples at a density of 4 points/km
2
in farm and forest areas of Wanjinshan Township, Baoqing County, to analyze 28 chemical indexes including Se etc. The results show that the average Se content in the topsoil is 0.28×10
-6
, ranging from 0.065×10
-6
to 0.51×10
-6
, with the Se-rich land accounting for 3.16%, Se-sufficient land 92.3%, potential Se-deficient land 4.3%, Se-deficient land 0.24% and no Se poisoning area. Black soil type has the highest Se content, while swamp soil type has the lowest Se content. The Se contents in different land use patterns are ranked as follows:dry field > paddy field > shrub land > arbor land > grassland and other land. Correlation analysis indicates that soil TOC and clay content promote the enrichment of Se, while pH has a limited influence on Se content but significant effect on Se availability.
2023 Vol. 32 (2): 233-237,210 [
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238
GEOLOGICAL CONSTRAINT OF GEOHAZARDS IN EMEISHAN BASALT AREAS: A Case Study of Shuicheng County in Guizhou Province
CHEN Jing, KUANG Zhong, DENG Wei-wei, XU Lin-jiang
Basalts in Guizhou Province carry great hidden danger of geohazards, although they account only for 2.08% of the total area. Due to the dense coverage of vegetation, it is often difficult to identify and prevent the hidden and sudden geological disasters effectively in these basalt areas. Taking Shuicheng County as an example, the paper uses ArcGIS for the superposition and systematic analysis of various geohazard hidden point data as well as geological and geographic information in the basalt areas. Combined with the large scale field investigation and verification, it is concluded that the constraint of geohazards in the basalt areas of Shuicheng County is obvious. The main hidden geohazards in the area include soil-rock dual structure landslide, unstable slope and risk slope, which are distributed in the intersection of NW fold structure wing and NW and NE fault-fold structure. The terrain in the area is relatively gentle, rich in land resources and distributed with multiple natural villages. The endogenous and exogenous conditions of basalts affect the weathering degree, and the weathered soil is extremely sensitive to the environment due to its physical and mechanical properties.
2023 Vol. 32 (2): 238-244 [
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245
NEWLY DISCOVERED DAXIYINGZI Rb-Be DEPOSIT IN THE EASTERN SECTION OF THE NORTHERN MARGIN OF NORTH CHINA CRATON
SHI Lu, JU Nan, WU Yue, LIU Xin, ZHAO Ying-lei, MA Wei
The Daxiyingzi Rb-Be deposit in Fuxin City of Liaoning Province is newly discovered in the northern margin of North China Craton, belonging to the granite-pegmatite type rare metal deposit, mainly composed of biotite granite, albite granite and amazonite granite pegmatite. The ore minerals containing Rb and Be are mainly amazonite and beryl, which are hosted in amazonite granite pegmatite. The metallogenic age of the deposit is about 223 Ma. The geochemical characteristics indicate that the granite is of highly fractioned I-type, which originated from the high-temperature partial melting of Meso-Neoproterozoic basement, with injection of mantle-derived magma. The peraluminous magmatic polymetallic deposit was formed in the orogenic belt setting. Its discovery provides a new direction for mineral exploration in the northern margin of North China Craton.
2023 Vol. 32 (2): 245-248 [
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